Look Back Into Anger By John Osborne - 2819 Words

CHAPTER – 2 Concept of Kitchen Sink Realism and Angry Young Man in Look Back in Anger Introduction of Look Back in Anger The play Look Back in Anger (1956) is written by John Osborne. The play is actually a love triangle involving an educated young man of working class origin Jimmy Porter, his upper-middle-class wife Alison, and her haughty best friend Helena Charles. Cliff, who is a true friend to both Jimmy and Alison, and attempts to keep the peace. The play was a huge success on the stage, and initiated the term angry young men to describe Osborne and those of his generation who employed this harshness of realism in the theatre. Look Back in Anger is thoroughly an autobiographical play in one respect. The hero Jimmy, is deeply involved in â€Å"class-war†, in a same way as the author was. It also contains some parts Osborne s earlier life, for example the wrenching speech of seeing a loved one die, was a replay of the death of Osborne s father, Thomas. The play is best remembered for, though, are Jimmy s attacks, he is the main speaker in the play and most of the dialogues are given to Jimmy. Many dialogues directed against the female characters, and this is a very distinct echo of the playwright s uneasy relationship with women, starting with his own mother, Nellie Beatrice, described by Osborne in his autobiography.Show MoreRelatedLook Back in Anger as an Extraordinary Play / John Osborne as a Dramatist / Social Issues in Look Back in Anger / Look Back in Anger as a Mouthpiece of John Osborne1613 Words   |  7 PagesLook Back in Anger as an extraordinary play / John Osborne as a dra matist / Social issues in Look Back in Anger / Look Back in Anger as a mouthpiece of John Osborne The first production of John Osbornes Look Back in Anger in 1956 provoked a major controversy. There were those, like the Observer newspapers influential critic Kenneth Tynan, who saw it as the first totally original play of a new generation. There were others who hated both it and the world that Osborne was showing them. But evenRead MoreSocial Realism And The Works Of Literature2080 Words   |  9 Pages‘fight’ , through this art.They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working class people, particularly the poor. The public was outraged by Social Realism because they didn’t know how to look at it or what to do. Realism has always been chiefly concerned with the commonplace of everyday life among the middle class and lower middle classes, where character is a keeping in mind the social factors and environment is an importantRead MoreBritain Is Essentially A Class-Conscious Society W here1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes. The great pioneer of this movement was John Osborne. He firmly expressed wrath at what Britain had become at that time and he began to query the orthodox mores. In the decades prior to Osborne, less attention had been given to literature that illuminated the treatment and living state of affair experienced by lower classes. As the Angry Young Men movement came forth to articulate these themes, the acceptance of related matters was widespread. Osborne, as a revolutionist writer, dramatized theseRead MoreLook Back in Anger Play Analysis Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesLook Back in Anger is a play about the effects of British society on the citizens of England. Its plot is created around the main character, Jimmy, a tragic person but at the same time, an educated man, who realizes the situation of the country he’s living in and can’t do anything about it. His frustration is built around the tragedy of living in a country that is based on oppression and confidence. He is looking back to the old Empire, hence the title â€Å"Look back in anger†. I am going to discussRead MoreAlienation in WWII literature2652 Words   |  11 PagesExamples of these texts are John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger, Margaret Drabble’s The Millstone and Phillip Larkin’s The Whitsun Weddings and will be used to discuss the idea of alienation. John Osborne had many affairs over the course of his life and frequently mistreated his wives and lovers. He was married five times with all apart from his final marriage being unhappy unions. His marriage to Pamela Lane (1951-57) was what influenced the character of Alison in Look Back in Anger, although he describedRead More Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger1830 Words   |  8 Pagesof Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger In Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger, the women characters play distinct roles in the dramas. However, the type of roles, the type of characters portrayed, and the purpose the women’s roles have in developing the plot and themes vary in each play. As demonstrated by The Importance of Being Earnest and Look Back in Anger, the majority of women’s roles ultimately reflect that womenRead More Critical Overview of Play Look Back in Anger Essay2087 Words   |  9 PagesLook Back in Anger Critical Overview Look Back in Anger has been recognized as a bombshell that blew up the old British theater. However, when Look Back in Anger opened as the third play in the repertory of the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre (a company that had been founded the year before precisely to stimulate new writing that would have contemporary relevance), it was not an immediate success. The critical reaction was mixed, but many of the critics, whether or not they likedRead MoreLiterature And Context : Britain During The 1950s1946 Words   |  8 Pagesthing that can happen to a girl, according to the adds, is that she should fail to be exquisitely at ease in her appliance setting – the setting that now does much to establish our attitude to women in the way that only her clothes used to†. (Quoted in John Russel and Suzi Gablik 1969). This quote reveals a very narrow minded perception of women in the 1950s. The use of the word ‘appliance’ is interesting as it could al so refer to the use of house appliances that were specifically targeted at housewivesRead MoreHeavy Metal Music: History and Misconceptions Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesHeavy Metal Music: History and Misconceptions Heavy metal music has been a source of social controversy since its early beginnings. It started out as a new age form of rock. Heavy metal brought a new look and sound to rock. The early heavy metal musicians decided to tune their guitars down, increase the tempo, play guitars and drums faster, and get a more grungy sound. The musicians also decided to wear tight, ripped, black clothing, chains, spikes, and combat boots. Most people did as anyone wouldRead MoreBritish Literature Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Literature 1. the Middle Ages the oldest literature monument of the Anglo – Saxon period is the old Germanic legend called BEOWULF. This heroic poem is about the strong and courageous pagan hero Beowulf John Wycliffe – is a professor of Oxford University. With his students he translated the whole Bible into English - he influenced Master Jan Hus and our Hussite movement very much 2. the renaissance and humanism Geoffrey Chaucer – Canterbury Tales – brilliant portrait of 30 pilgrims

Criticality and Creativity Free Essays

Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs or goals. Individualism promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires thus one values independence and self reliance while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society and institutions such as the Government. Liberty is the ability of individuals to have control over their own actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Criticality and Creativity or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Stuart Mill a philosopher, on his article Liberty under the chapter of Individuality as One of the element well-being has made an imperative that that human beings should be free to form opinions, and to express their opinions without reserve. This is of beneficial consequences to the intellectual, and through that to the moral nature of man, unless this liberty is either conceded, or asserted in spite of prohibition. He recognized the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion. Individuals should be given the chances to come up with opinions or ideas and be allowed to express them without been stopped. For example the Government should not refuse an individual to put into action their new ideas but should rather motivate them. It should not stop them because it thinks it can do better than them but should facilitate the idea by providing the necessities such as fund and freedom. Individuals can come up with opinions or ideas that may benefit them but at the same time impose a problem to others. The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he/she must not make himself a nuisance to other people. But if he refrains from molesting others in what concerns them, and merely acts according to his own inclination and judgment in things which concern himself, the same reasons which show that opinion should be free, prove also that he should be allowed, without molestation, to carry his opinions into practice at his own cost. When individuals are given the freedom to come up with new ideas and exploit them, it encourages them to want to come up with better ideas, learn from their experiences thus promoting their creativity and developing criticality in them. The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice. He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice. He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best. The mental and moral, like the muscular powers, are improved only by being used. The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it. If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to the person’s own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by him adopting it and if the inducements to an act are not affected by, or rights of others are not concerned, it is so much done towards rendering his feelings and character inert and torpid, instead of active and energetic. This is because originality is a valuable element in human affairs. There is always need of persons not only to discover new truths, and point out when what were once truths are true no longer, but also to commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense in human life. How to cite Criticality and Creativity, Papers

Computer Security Breach Took Place At Experian or T-Mobile

Question: Discuss about the Computer Security Breach Took Place During September-December 2015- At Experian or T-Mobile. Answer: Introduction Digitalization and technological advancement has occurred at such a pace that it has become difficult for the companies to fight against the ever increasing hacks, simply because with each advancement, the kind as well as the number of hackers has also increased. One of the most stunning and shocking security breach that occurred in October 2015 was when Experian, announced that a business unit of it has been attacked. The contravention is said to have happened on a server which stores personal information of about 15 million customers and applicants of USA on behalf of one of its clientele T-mobile. The hack has happened of both new applicants as well as those applicants whose credit check was yet to be done for the services or financing of the device for the three year period of 2013 to 2015 (Cheng,2015). On investigation it has been concluded that data such as names, addresses, phone numbers, date of birth and some of the encrypted fields such as the Social Security number and the ID numbers which were mentioned in the passports and the driving licenses of the applicants were hacked by the attackers. Assessment Of The Issue On analyzing the said hack, it is understood that the main focus of these hackers were to attack a particular server of Experian that had stored the crucial and confidential information of T-mobile customers and the server which was used to safeguard the information of those customers whose credit corroboration for the two year period September 2013 to September 2015 was to be conducted. The time of occurrence of the said hack was very small and the occurrence of the malafide attack happened within closed doors. Here the hackers focused their entire vision only on attacking the T-mobile data stored server and nothing else (Chabrow,2015). Sources have revealed that Experians Decision Analysis credit information support portal allows entry without any pass-codes to every individual, who are authorized to upload haphazard file attachments of various types without any restrictions and also authentication with regards the creditability of the file being uploaded. It is this accessibility which had given the attackers a prospect to instill malafide and spiteful attachments within the main server. These infused files and attachments caused T-mobile suffer the attack of leakage of confidential data of its consumers (Pagilery,2015). The CEO of T-Mobile took a very wise decision of protecting the customers whose data had been compromised and post the same deal with the security glitches that were present within the Experians network. It has compromised upon the goodwill of both T-mobile as well as Experian. However, T-Mobile has made all efforts to put the blame on Experian alone on whom they had believed and the fact the mobile company is very stringent with regards privacy policies (Larson,2015). But it was very important for T-mobile to counter check the past reputation and experience of Experian in the said task of storing confidential data securely. Solutions To Prevent Such Hacks However there lie various solutions which would help to protect the occurrence of such attacks in future. Some of it are that the entities whose job is to store such private information of other companies should have an upgraded system installed with adequate firewalls so that such a kind of hack can be detected well on time and necessary action be taken before much loss as it is a loss of three entities, the one who is storing the data, the one who is giving its data to be stored as well as the customers whose data have been compromised (Thielman, 2015). Experian should revisit its present practice of safeguarding data and instill stringent and stricter encryption technologies, double validation while entering any data base by the clienteles as we as the staff members, server virtualization should be buoyant and opportune scrutinizing of the system so that such infringements can be prohibited in the upcoming years (Allan, 2015). However, Experian has disclosed that the banking related data has not been leaked and that they are all safe. The company is also sending a written intimation to all the customers who are probably been infected by the attack thus extending them a no cost credit examining service for twenty four months. Warning bells have already been rang into the ears of the consumers so that if they notice any such unusual emails and similar interactions from sources which are not known to them, then the same should be ignored (Finkle,2015). Home Depot 2014- Data Security Breach 2014 is construed to be a year with many severe cyber attacks and security breaches of which some are JP Morgan Chase and Home Depot. The case study being discussed here is that of Home Depot which if not the biggest but is concluded to be one of the biggest breaches. On 8th September 2014, Home Depot declared that its payments card system had been hacked. However the investigation had started on the 2nd September and the company was still trying to analyze the level of impact and the depth of the contravention. As much as 56 million credit card details were stolen that covered a six month period from April to September 2014 (krebsonsecurity.com. 2014). This retail breach has outgrown the Targets breach of 40 million card violation. However as per the company officials, it was a very unusual kind of malware which was infected within the companys system. Assessment Of The Main Issue The main issue that was understood on the said case being investigated was the installation of such a malware which was uncommon and newer to all. After Target hack, companies had undertaken measures to safeguard their data but this malware was something different. Here the main issue was that the attacker utilized a vendors user name and password to enter the system of the network and injected a customized malware to get hold of the credit card details of the various shoppers. Thus here the main issue was the leakage of the vendors security information which led to the attack (Pagliery, 2014). The company failed to learn a lesson from the data breach of Target which had occurred in the near past and continued to use the old methodology of magstripes. Thus it can be said that the main problem here was that the usual way of installing the malware into the self check out registers were not adopted instead the same was specifically formulated in such a manner which would first and formo st elude the already installed firewall. Therefore the said attack cannot be compared to the previous retail attacks as the company had taken precautions to protect itself after the Target breach but was unaware of the fact that the hackers could think of such a different way out to hack as well. Who Were Affected And How The hack had led to stealing of 56 million customers credit card data thus impacting the banking credentials. The attackers, hacked the data of those transactions that took place between April to September 2014. The main attack has been done to the U.S. and the Canada stores of Home Depot. It was understood that the stealers were taking away the card data from the cash registers of Home Depot till 7th September,2014. The company was also equally hit by the said breach as it had hit their reputation and also led to a huge financial loss. The violation led to disruption of the normal business operations and the cost involved would be somewhere around $560 million. Home Depot had lost many of its consumers to the competitors. However, due to the duopoly kind of a market structure in which Home Depot operates, it is estimated that the company would not loose out on much revenue. One of the reasons behind the same is that the company will continue to gain in the benefits of an upbeat US e conomy and housing market. The impact that it has had is due to the lawsuits being filed by customers on them along with the claims being made by the customers for returning their lost money. Home Depot is expected to spend an amount of $3 billion due to the said fraud (forbes.com. 2015). Apart from the impact the said attack as had on the company, it has also impacted those customers whose data has been compromised. They are now scared as to the level of breach and how their credit and debit cards details would be misutilized. They would be unaware of the misutilization until and unless occurrence of the instances. Unfortunately, even if the customers were also affected yet the have no other choice but to visit the Home depot outlets only for buying home improvement goods. However, the only issue is that they have become too wary with regards the usage of cards therefore it has posed a big problem in case of huge purchases (Stempel, 2016). Another major way in which the said hack has impacted the customers is that hackers have got the accessibility to alter the PIN numbers and thus make withdrawals. They have been also selling these stolen data and the personal information of these card holders to the criminal websites internationally. How Was The Attack Carried Out The hack was carried out in a very different manner wherein the attackers had not the usual method of attacking. It is construed that they had used the point of sale (POS) malware to get inside the card terminal of Home Depot. The malware named FrameworkPOS is said to be somewhat similar to BlackPOS. The said malware targets the POS terminals with the help of a Windows operating system. US is found to be more prone to such credit card hacks simply because it is dependent upon such payment terminals that scan the magnetic stripe on the back of the card which gives a way to copy the data to the malware that gets injected within the system. Thus in this case the malware was specifically designed for attacking the Home Depot terminals due to which it could not be found by the age old anti-viruses installed (Smith, 2014). How The Attack Would Have Been Prevented The company had installed Symantec Endpoint Protection which is an anti-virus but had not activated the Network Threat Protection system. Had the same been activated then it would have been able to prevent various intrusions into the systems. Further had the company installed Point to Point encryption technology then it would have encrypted the data during the swipe as well as in the memory. Also very surprising was the kind of operating system being used by Home Depot. Windows XP is the most vulnerable to attacks. Thus upgrading the same to the latest version with adequate safeguards and firewalls would have also helped to safeguard the attack (Hawkins 2015). The segregation and divorce of the POS network from the rest of the corporate network is also one of the most sought after methods of preventing such attacks. Lastly, Home Depot suffered also due to a bad management of the third party vendor credentials. The attackers entered via a specific vendor id and password. Thus they should introduce an identity and access management solution which would help to take care of the identities and access of all the third party vendors as well. Thus the theft could have been prevented here in this case had the system been upgraded and the vendor credentials safeguarded well. Conclusion On a concluding note, it can be construed that due to the non-availability of a good system installed by Experian within their organization, the hack occurred. Had the same was protected well, then such a mishap would not have occurred. Further, even T-mobile is at fault as they had blind folded trusted Experian even when it is a well known fact that Experian had been always a party of such negligence in the past as well. Experian has earlier also had such unprotected systems installed. Therefore, T-mobile should take stringent actions against Experian so that such an occurrence can be prevented. References: forbes.com. (2015). Home Depot: Will The Impact Of The Data Breach Be Significant? Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/03/30/home-depot-will-the-impact-of-the-data-breach-be-significant/#2b2a04f74bf1 Hawkins,B. (2015). Case Study: the Home Depot Data Breach. Retrieved from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/casestudies/case-study-home-depot-data-breach-36367 krebsonsecurity.com. (2014). Home Depot: 56M Card Impacted, Malware Contained. Retrieved from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/09/home-depot-56m-cards-impacted-malware-contained/ Pagliery, J. (2014). Home Depot confirms months- long hack. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/08/technology/security/home-depot-breach/ Stempel,J. (2016). Home Depot settles consumer lawsuit over Big 2014 data breach. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-home-depot-breach-settlement-idUSKCN0WA24Z Smith,G. (2014). Home Depot Admits 56 Million Payment Cards At Risk After Cyber Attack. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/home-depot-hack_n_5845378 References: Allan,P. (2015). Experian Hacked, T-mobile Credit Applicant Data Stolen [Updated]. Retrieved from https://lifehacker.com/experian-hacked-t-mobile-customer-data-stolen-1734117798 Chabrow,E. (2015). Experian Hacks slams T-Mobile Customers. Retrieved from https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/experian-breach-a-8563 Cheng,R. (2015). Data-breach hits roughly 15M T-Mobile customers, applicants. Retrieved from https://www.cnet.com/news/data-breach-snags-data-from-15m-t-mobile-customers/ Finkle,J. (2015). Millions of T-Mobile customers exposed in Experian Breach. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tmobile-dataprotection-idUSKCN0RV5PL20151002 Larson,R. (2015). T-mobile, Experian Sued Over Data Hack Affecting 15 Million. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-07/t-mobile-experian-sued-over-hack-on-15-million-customers Pagilery,J. (2015). T-Mobile customers info breached after Experian hack. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/01/technology/tmobile-experian-data-breach/ Thielman,S. (2015). Experian hack exposes 15 million peoples personal information. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/01/experian-hack-t-mobile-credit-checks-personal-information REFERENCES: forbes.com. (2015). Home Depot: Will The Impact Of The Data Breach Be Significant? Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/03/30/home-depot-will-the-impact-of-the-data-breach-be-significant/#2b2a04f74bf1 Hawkins,B. (2015). Case Study: the Home Depot Data Breach. Retrieved from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/casestudies/case-study-home-depot-data-breach-36367 krebsonsecurity.com. (2014). Home Depot: 56M Card Impacted, Malware Contained. Retrieved from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/09/home-depot-56m-cards-impacted-malware-contained/ Pagliery, J. (2014). Home Depot confirms months- long hack. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/08/technology/security/home-depot-breach/ Stempel,J. (2016). Home Depot settles consumer lawsuit over Big 2014 data breach. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-home-depot-breach-settlement-idUSKCN0WA24Z Smith,G. (2014). Home Depot Admits 56 Million Payment Cards At Risk After Cyber Attack. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/home-depot-hack_n_5845378

Benchmarking in the Investment and Banking Sector

Benchmarking involves comparing a business operations and performance ranking of a company or industry with top performers from other industries. Factors weighed include quality, time, and value. After benchmarking a company or the industry players need to improve from learning by doing things effectively and efficiently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benchmarking in the Investment and Banking Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More My industry is the investment and banking sector. Over the years the investment and banking sector has been hit hard by many challenges which have threatened to tear the industry, even to an extent leading to the winding up of some of the industry players. The most recent scandals were pyramid schemes and scrupulous deals that have seen consumers loose their lifetime investments. Also banks have been hit by the global economic downturn which saw the closure of several banking halls. This has seen lose of consumer confidence in the industry. Many customers are trading cautiously in, scared of succumbing to any scandals. The industry needs put in place measures that regulate the investment companies or associations to avoid arise of any loopholes in the industry which could expose investors to any kind of threat of their funds. The industry should improve the customers’ confidence by offering secured means of investing and guaranteeing adequate returns (McNair, Kathleen Leibfried, 2004) The industry is vulnerable to changes in the market and needs to insulate itself from rapid changes occurring in the market, to ensure that their operations are not interrupted by changes in the market. For example, the global economic downturn saw the industry players affected adversely leading to negative effects in the market. Comparing the investment and banking industry with manufacturing industry, the manufacturing industry seems more dynamic and can absorb shock in the market easily. The management team in the banking sector should to identify the top companies or industries, where they undertake related processes, and compare the results of those targeted to its own performance to study how well the others fair and how they attain that (Damelio 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For a company to appreciate the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of a particular benchmark in use, it has to look at how the practitioners of benchmarking have achieved their goals, the costs incurred or saved by the practice and the organizations insight of the process. Through benchmarking an organization can increase significantly on its supply-chain efficiency. Therefore organizations that use the benchmark techniques in their supply chains by comparing its performance against that of its competitors have typically reduced their expenses by 81 percen t. Thus those who use applicable bench marks have spent less on logistics of doing business than the median. In addition, applicable benchmarking has provided an upper advantage to companies in the market place. Also bench marking has resulted in an organization taking up other practices that result in improvement of operations such as use of, TQM, tactical planning and reengineering of their products (Pike, Neale, 2006). However there are adverse effects that may result in a company while it is benchmarking. If bench marking is poorly introduced and executed in an organization, it can result in waste of the organization’s financial and economic resources which would negatively affect its profitability at the end of the period. Therefore, though a company may introduce benchmarking in its operations it may result in negative results if not implemented in the right way making them very ineffective and costly on organization (CAMP 2006). Reference list Camp, R.C. (2006). Bench marking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance. MA: Productivity Press. McNair, C. J., Kathleen, H. Leibfried, H. (2004). Benchmarking: A Tool for Continuous Improvement. New York: John Wiley Sons. Damelio, R. (1995). The Basics of Benchmarking. MA: Productivity Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benchmarking in the Investment and Banking Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pike, R. Neale, B. 2006. Corporate finance and investment: decisions strategies. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall. This essay on Benchmarking in the Investment and Banking Sector was written and submitted by user Kayleigh Larsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay The 10th and 11th Centuries contained some of the most important changes in Western Latin Christendom in its existence. These changes have left the Church and Europe more recognisable as the establishments we know today. The most obvious of these were the reform movements in the later part of the 10th and 11th Centuries, which climaxed under Leo IX and Gregory V11. There were also several equally important but subtly different changes which contributed to the greater part of this reform. An example of this is the evangelical revival that leads to a growth in religious life, and a cleansing of the Church which climaxed in the Orthodox Schism, and the investiture contest between the Pope and the Emperor of Germany.The reform movements of the 10h and 11th Centuries sought out a moral reform whereby lay rulers would appoint good men as priests and Bishops, who would in turn hasten the reform. The movements also aimed to stop corruption in the Church, especially th e sin of simony, which was the purchasing or selling of sacred things, e.g. Holy orders. At around 1000 AD the Church was predominantly governed by lay people, who built the Churches or monasteries on their land, and consequently felt that they had the right to appoint the next priest or abbot, this became known as lay investiture, and in this sense the Church became privatised. This posed a series of problems for the Church, the most serious of which were revenues, as the revenues that it should have been receiving were going back to the families who owned the land, rather than back to the Church.Subsequently religious communities were loosing out as this lose of revenues meant that there was a decline in the qualities of their lives, and so undermined the idea of religious life, and as a further consequences there were increasing cases of simony and married priests. The result of these problems was that by the 10th century many priests, monks, and nuns were not happy, and this led to a series of reform movements, through several different communities and people.The first stage of this reform was found at the monastery of Cluny in France. Founded in 910AD Cluny was a reformed Benedictine monastery. The monks tried to revive the liturgical life of the order, concentrating on the divine office and the arts e.g. plainsong. Cluny became the centre of a series of smaller monasteries, and started the first real monastic order. As a result of this, the Abbot of Cluny was exceptionally powerful and was able to influence the rest of the Christendom in a very monastic way, the Abbots of Cluny especially took a strong stance against married priests and simony.Around the year 1000 there was a strong evangelical revival, this was based on the general belief that in the year 1000 Christ would come again. The result of this was a surge in the revival of the Church, and a strong determination to return to the purity of the early Church, this led to a rapid growth in monaster ies and several new orders of monks emerged most notably the Carthusians. There were two main fronts for this revival.The first was through the work of individuals such as Peter Damain, and Romauld of Ravenna. These were two very influential figures in the 10th and 11th Centuries. Damain was described as: A reformer of clerical laxity and a champion of eremitical and ascetic discipline.1 He had exceptional knowledge of canon law and was used by the Pope as a legate on several occasions. He wrote a book on his predecessor Romauld of Ravenna who was a hermit monk and another highly influential figure: You would think that he (Romauld) was trying to turn the whole world and to involve the entire Church in his project of monastic reform2 Romauld went on to found the Camaldolese order of hermit monks.Another approach to the reform was through Canon law, this was the study of collections of early laws that described how the Catholic Church should be governed. The largest of these collecti ons was owned by Burchard of Worms, and was called the decretum. The idea of Canon law attracted great interest as they suggested that in the past the Church had governed itself, and so provided support to the reformers over the issue of Lay investiture It was later used by the Pope and the reformers as a way of giving theological support to their arguments over Sacred Kings.At the beginning of the reform movements both the Pope and the emperor worked together, in 1012 Henry II appointed Pope Benedict VIII; and they worked well together to reform the Church. This worked because they could reinforce the reform, as Henry was able to back up the Popes decrees in his own kingdom. In 1046 however, there was a new problem, and at the Synod of Sutri the new Emperor Henry III had to resolve another Papal dispute, this time he appointed his own Pope Clement II, Clement however dies quickly and Henry appoints Leo IX. Leo had a strong personality and lots of energy; he is convinced that God se nt him to route out simony. He held 11 reforming councils in 5 Years, the first, which was held in 1949 in Rome aimed to Route out simony. Another held in Reims asked 20 Bishops and 40 Abbots to declare whether they were guilty of simony. All the bishops who didnt turn up were deposed. Several other reforming councils were held e.g. At Poitiers they agree that Priests and deacons should not live with women, and at Ingelheim they agreed that laymen could not expel or appoint clergy.Leo IX however had a serious problem in South Italy; the Normans had invaded and were encroaching into Papal land. Leo IX planned to stand up to them but at the battle of Civilate in 1053 he suffers a humiliating defeat and was captured, he is finally released; however he is a broken man. In 1054 he holds another reforming council in South Italy; this however causes an argument with the Byzantines who also owned a large area of Southern Italy. At this time there are strong tensions between Latins and the G reeks, they disagreed over the role of the Papacy and the Holy Spirit. In 1054 this argument got out of hand, and eventually Cardinal Humbert was sent to Byzantium to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, who in turn excommunicated the Pope this was the beginning of the East-West Schism. Leo dies shortly afterwards, and soon after Henry III also dies leaving behind a 6 month old son to rule.The reformers see this as an opportunity to get rid of lay investiture; this was particularly attacked by Cardinal Humbert who called for an end to lay domination as it caused moral and financial abuses among clergy. The next three Popes tried to push forward the idea that Christendom should be ruled by the Papacy. In 1959 Pope Nicholas II issued a precedent saying the new pope was to be elected through a College of Cardinals, this eliminated the power of the German King. When Henry IV claimed the crown in 1071 he found himself in a much weaker position than his father had left him. In 1 072 there was a disputed election, Pope Alexander II backed one side Henry IV backed the other, each side saw the balance of power and neither side was prepared to back down, however before the dispute could be settled Alexander died, and Gregory VII was elected Pope.Gregory was a devoted man who was devoted to St Peters rights, and held the view that Peters Church would be the mother of all churches. He was however a very controversial figure, 26 German bishops and the German emperor agreed that Gregory was not Pope but a false monk3 and called on him to resign. Gregory however intensified his campaign on for moral reform challenging the idea of Sacred Kingship saying that the clergy should be elected. He called on the lay people not to accept ministry from those known to be guilty of Simony or sexual acts. In 1075 he forbade the clergy to accept investiture into office from a layman, he put his ideas into pamphlets which he sent round Christendom, however his opponents simply dest royed them. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry IV for trying to dispose of a Synod of imperial bishops, the result of this was that Henry IV could not function and a rebellion broke out. In January 1077 Henry went to see the Pope in Italy dressed only in his nightshirt to beg reconciliation. Gregory granted it, however he reserved the right to judge Henry at a later date. After this Henry soon regained power, and in 1080 a new conflict broke out, this time when Henry was excommunicated he simply seized Rome and the pope was forced to flee south with the Normans where he died in 1085.Even though Henry elected a Pope: Clement III the papacy had broken away from lay control. The Reformers elected their own popes who were accepted by the rest of the Church. Henry struggled to regain control but failed, eventually it came to a compromise, the King agreed not to invest in the Papacy; however the king was allowed to be present in the elections of Bishops and Abbots. In Europe the Lay rul ers power over the Church was limited but not abolished.The result of this reform was clear, within society there was a shift towards the Church, and the attack on the sacred kingship was successful. The prestige of the Papacy increased dramatically, however the papal victory appeared more complete within the Church. The pope made a series of declarations known as the dictatus papae which outlined the main development of the Church over the next two centuries. The Reformers made a new vision of the Church in which the Clergy were separated from the hierarchal chain that stretched from God to humanity. The reform however was not just for Kings and Popes, many ordinary citizens were forced to make religious choices, which were made more difficult in that for as long as people could remember anointed Kings had ruled the church, but were held in the balance, because the Pope had a more powerful theological argument based on Canon Law.In the end the reforms added a new level of tension a nd a new dimension of a new level of life which we can still see in Christendom today. The position of the Pope became much more similar to the view we have of him today, and the Church got rid of the idea of Sacred Kingship which would be brought up in Britain at a later date under Henry VIII. The Reformers had successfully brought the Church out of a difficult moral situation and created a modern yet classical opinion of the Church, and started many traditions which are still around today.

Healthcare system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Healthcare system - Research Paper Example gans such as centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, Department of Justice besides Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General. It outlines important clauses of the contract including payments and price, conflict resolution, contract termination or suspension among other key clauses. The document ensures a smooth and efficient arrangement of terms of contract between the service providers and the local authorities who commission the contract. As a result of the massive financial losses that have been experienced from disloyal and non-abiding medical professionals by patients, a number of mechanisms and legal provisions have been laid down to curb this act of fraud by the professionals. Such mechanisms have seen the states recover huge amount of cash from the fraudulent activities. The issue was treated with much weight that it formed one of the debated issues that was given priority in the congress proceedings in the United States of America. The mechanisms that were put in place to curb the act included establishment of statutes by the federal government and enactment of strict health legislation reforms under the patient protection and affordable care act. This research paper looks comprehensively into the statutes that were put in place by the federal government and some of the amendments that were done to the them by the patient protection act in a bid to see the patients of the country not overexploited and abused. The federal government provided severe penalties such including criminal and civil penalties and excluding an individual from the health care programs of the federal government all as a way of combating fraud. This law is also known as the physician self-referral statute prevented a medical practitioner from referring a beneficiary of Medicaid and Medicare to a an entity to be provided with any form of health care services in case there are direct financial links between the entity and either the medical

Can you control the competition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can you control the competition - Assignment Example The firms progress in this race of competition. However, competition has been observed to be unethical at times. Firms resort to the most down trodden ways and methods to knock out their competitors. For example, the telecommunications industry today is highly competitive. Each firm knows what it needs to sell. From advertisements to deals and offers, everything by each of the firms, is highly organized and planned. However, these firms have a factor of unhealthy competition existing between them. Instead of welcoming the competition and struggling harder, they prefer demeaning their competitors through aggressive advertisements. The media has been a large shareholder of the unethical competition that firms receive. However, it cannot be criticized too much since it is also a source of healthy competition. As long as the telecommunications industry is concerned, competition cannot be avoided since a lot of profits lie with these firms. These extra profits attract new firms. The food industry has long been a competitive market. There are lots of firms making cereals but cornflakes have been a trademark of Kellogg’s alone. This is purely due to healthy competition. If this competition was controlled and other firms were disallowed from entering the cereal market, maybe Kellogg’s products wouldn’t have been this flawless (Dranove, David). Maybe it would have sit back and enjoyed its monopoly and never even tried the flavored cornflakes and those with resins and nuts. It is just competition that keeps on driving the firms to experiment. Thus competition is needed for the firm to grow. As far as the question of whether competition can be controlled is concerned, it is pretty simple to answer that in the food industry. As long as there would be demand for food, which there would be forever, there would be providers of food. As long as the providers will gain, new providers will continue to enter the market and thus there would be no way to control